Maxillary Sinus Augmentation Techniques in Prosthodontics: A Narrative Review
Keywords:
Maxillary sinus augmentation; lateral window technique; transcrestal sinus lift; piezosurgery; osseodensification; implant dentistry.
Abstract
Maxillary sinus augmentation is an essential procedure for implant rehabilitation in the atrophic posterior maxilla. Advancements in imaging, surgical instrumentation, and biomaterials have significantly improved the safety, predictability, and minimally invasive nature of sinus lift procedures. Accurate anatomical assessment and proper technique selection remain central to predictable implant outcomes. The objective of this article is to provide a concise, evidence-based review of contemporary maxillary sinus augmentation techniques, highlighting anatomical considerations, diagnostic workflows, surgical approaches, grafting strategies, and emerging technologies.
References
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2. Riben C, Thor A. The maxillary sinus membrane elevation procedure. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2012;14(Suppl 1):e128–e135.
3. Starch-Jensen T, Aludden H, Hallman M, Christensen AE, Mordenfeld A, Schou S. Maxillary sinus floor augmentation: A review of selected treatment modalities. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2017;32(2):283–306.
4. Samir M, Bissar MWB, Abuel-Ela H. Osseodensification versus piezoelectric internal sinus elevation (PISE) technique in delayed implant placement: A randomized controlled clinical trial. BMC Oral Health. 2024;24:1.
5. Decker AM, Avila-Ortiz G, Fischer DJ, et al. Clinical and radiographic changes following transcrestal sinus elevation using osseodensification burs: 12-month results from a randomized controlled trial. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2024.
6. Choi H, Kim Y, Lee J, et al. Retrospective study of maxillary sinus augmentation with block-type autogenous tooth bone graft material. Biomedicines. 2024;11(6):633.
7. Whyte A, Boeddinghaus R. The maxillary sinus: physiology, development and imaging anatomy. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2019;48(8):20190205.
8. Cavalcanti MC, Guirado TE, Sapata VM, Costa C, Pannuti CM, Jung RE, et al. Maxillary sinus floor pneumatization and alveolar ridge resorption after tooth loss: a cross-sectional study. Braz Oral Res. 2018;32:e64.
9. Kalyvas D, Kapsalas A, Paikou S, Tsiklakis K. Thickness of the Schneiderian membrane and its correlation with anatomical structures and demographic parameters using CBCT: a retrospective study. Int J Implant Dent. 2018;4:32.
10. Insua A, Monje A, Chan HL, Juan-Salgado G, Wang HL. Accuracy of Schneiderian membrane thickness: CBCT analysis with histological validation. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2017;28:654–664.
11. Kalyvas D, Kapsalas A, Paikou S, Tsiklakis K. Schneiderian membrane thickness correlation using CBCT: retrospective study. Int J Implant Dent. 2018;4:32.
12. Tehranchi M, Behnia P, Zandi S, Masoudi Rad H. Prevalence and location of the posterior superior alveolar artery: a CBCT study. Imaging Sci Dent. 2017;47:39–46.
13. Rosano G, Taschieri S, Gaudy JF, Del Fabbro M. Maxillary sinus vascularization: a cadaveric study. J Craniofac Surg. 2009;20:940–943.
14. Krennmair G, Ulm CW, Lugmayr H, Solar P. Incidence, location and height of maxillary sinus septa. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1999;57:667–671.
15. Lee WJ, Lee SJ, Kim HS. Analysis of prevalence and location of maxillary sinus septa. J Periodontal Implant Sci. 2010;40:56–60.
16. Maestre-Ferrín L, Galán-Gil S, Rubio-Serrano M, Peñarrocha-Diago M. Maxillary sinus septa: a systematic review. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2010;15:e383–e386.
17. Bornstein MM, Schmid B, Sendi P, Higginbottom F, Buser D. Assessment of maxillary sinus health before sinus augmentation. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2010;21:320–326.
18. Shahbazian M, Chan HL, Arnabat-Domínguez J, Rosella D, Wang HL. Prevalence of sinus pathology in CBCT for implant planning: review & meta-analysis. J Periodontol. 2016;87:493–501.
19. Schulze R, Heil U, Gross D, Nüssken S, Bruellmann DD, Dranischnikow E, et al. Radiation exposure during CBCT vs. 2D imaging. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2004;62:1–7.
20. Pjetursson BE, Tan WC, Zwahlen M, Lang NP. Sinus floor elevation using the lateral approach: systematic review. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2008;19(Suppl 3):216–240.
21. Del Fabbro M, Testori T, Francetti L, Weinstein R. Long-term outcomes of implants after sinus augmentation. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2008;19(Suppl 3):169–180.
22. Testori T, Wallace SS, Del Fabbro M, et al. Maxillary sinus augmentation with different graft materials: outcomes. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2012;27:e37–e45.
23. Steiner DR, Steiner DB. Minimally invasive lateral wall sinus elevation. Implant Dent. 2006;15:119–124.
24. Chen L, Cha J. Modified lateral window approach & anatomic considerations. J Periodontol. 2005;76:1317–1323.
25. Cortes AR, Pinheiro LR, Andrade MG, Kuga MC, Fischer RG, Nary H. Lateral window hinge techniques preserving vascularity. Clin Oral Investig. 2013;17:2007–2013.
26. Summers RB. Osteotome technique for maxillary implant surgery. Compendium. 1994;15:152–160.
27. Tatum OH. Maxillary and sinus implant reconstructions. Dent Clin North Am. 1986;30:207–229.
28. Fugazzotto PA. Immediate implant placement after osteotome sinus elevation. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2002;17:715–721.
29. Toffler M. Clinical considerations in osteotome sinus elevation. Implant Dent. 2004;13:318–323.
30. Chen L, Cha JY. Controlled membrane elevation: hydraulic & compaction dynamics. J Periodontol. 2005;76:355–363.
31. Emmerich D, Att W, Stappert C. Survival after osteotome-mediated sinus elevation. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2005;16:563–568.
32. Del Fabbro M, Wallace SS. Predictability of transcrestal sinus elevation. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2013;24:A109–A118.
33. Vercellotti T. Technological characteristics and clinical indications of piezoelectric bone surgery. Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 2010;27:507–515.
34. Rickert D, Slater JJRH, Meijer GJ, Vissink A, Raghoebar GM. Comparison of piezoelectric and conventional rotary instruments in sinus elevation. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2013;24:785–791.
35. Wallace SS, Mazor Z, Froum SJ, Cho SC, Tarnow DP. Perforation rates in lateral window sinus elevation with piezo vs rotary. J Periodontol. 2007;78:597–607.
36. Chen L, Cha JY. Balloon antral membrane elevation: technique and outcomes. J Periodontol. 2005;76:108–113.
37. Mardinger O, Nissan J, Peleg M, Chaushu G. Anatomical limitations of balloon sinus elevation. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2010;21:114–118.
38. Srouji S, Ben-David D, Lotan A, et al. MIAMBE: Multicenter clinical evaluation. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2012;14:62–70.
39. Soltan M, Smiler D. Inflatable balloon technique for sinus augmentation. Implant Dent. 2005;14:439–446.
40. Chen L, Qiao S, Wang X, Zhang Y. Hydraulic sinus condensation: 5-year outcomes. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2022;24:45–53.
41. Huwais S. Enhancing implant stability using osseodensification. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2013;34:e1–e4.
42. Huwais S, Meyer EG. Osseodensification: Biomechanical approach to site preparation. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2017;32:27–36.
43. Pommer B, Watzek G. Gel-pressure sinus lift technique. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2009;20:639–644.
44. Ahn SJ, Lee JH, Lee CH, et al. Reamer-mediated sinus floor elevation. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2018;76:1655–1664.
45. Dentium Co. DASK Manual. Seoul: Dentium; 2015.
46. Kher U, Mazor Z, Richardson J, et al. Transalveolar sinus augmentation using novabone putty. J Periodontol. 2014;85:e1–e8.
47. Mandelaris GA, Rosenfeld AL. Stereolithographic guides for sinus augmentation. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 2008;28:303–309.
48. Block MS, Emery RW, Lank K, Ryan J. Accuracy of implant placement using dynamic navigation. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2017;32:92–99.
49. Raghoebar GM, Schortinghuis J, Liem RS, Ruben JL, van der Wal JE, Vissink A. Graft resorption after sinus augmentation: a prospective study. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2001;12:536–541.
50. Jensen SS, Terheyden H. DBBM in ridge and sinus augmentation: clinical outcomes. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2009;24:218–230.
51. Urist MR. Bone formation by autoinduction. Science. 1965;150:893–899.
52. Boyne PJ, Lilly LC, Marx RE, et al. Rhbmp-2 in maxillary sinus augmentation. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2005;20:689–697.
53. Legeros RZ. Calcium phosphate biomaterials. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2008;19:147–157.
54. Capuccini C, Torricelli P, Sima F, et al. Strontium-enriched hydroxyapatite: biological response. Biomaterials. 2008;29:201–208.
55. Choukroun J, Ghanaati S. I-PRF & sticky bone in regenerative dentistry. J Oral Implantol. 2018;44:300–307.
56. Chen MH, Yang J, Wang HL. Graftless sinus augmentation: a systematic review. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2021;32:120–134.
57. Del Fabbro M, Wallace SS, Testori T. Long-term success of lateral window sinus augmentation. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2020;22:99–117.
58. Testori T, Weinstein T, Taschieri S, Wallace SS. Transcrestal sinus elevation: indications & outcomes. J Periodontol. 2012;83:1037–1045.
59. Fugazzotto PA. Modified trephine/osteotome sinus technique. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2003;18:15–22.
60. Zitzmann NU, Schärer P. Immediate vs delayed sinus elevation: a clinical study. Clin Oral Implants Res. 1998;9:15–22.
61. Pal US, Sharma NK, Singh RK, et al. Direct vs indirect sinus lift: comparative outcomes. Natl J Maxillofac Surg. 2012;3:31–37.
62. Balaji SM. Direct vs indirect sinus lift outcomes. Indian J Dent Res. 2013;24:287–290.
63. Khandelwal N, Oates TW, Vargas A, et al. Radiographic vertical bone gain after sinus lift. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2013;28:646–652.
64. Al-Dajani M. Lateral antrostomy outcomes in sinus augmentation. J Oral Implantol. 2016;42:15–23.
65. Rickert D, Slater JJ, Meijer GJ, Vissink A, Raghoebar GM. Piezo vs rotary sinus lift: A split-mouth randomized trial. J Clin Periodontol. 2013;40:306–314.
66. Li J, Wang HL, Chen ZB, et al. Piezoelectric–hydraulic sinus lift: clinical results. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2018;20:230–238.
67. Alajami A, Al-Oufi M, alsowygh Z. Osseodensification vs balloon sinus lift: A clinical comparison. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2020;35:120–128.
68. Jones JR. Bioactive glass: From concept to clinic. Acta Biomater. 2015;23:S53–S82.
69. Han P, Wu C, Xiao Y. Magnesium-based biomaterials for bone regeneration. J Mater Chem B. 2016;4:7708–7720.
70. Mendonça G, Mendonça DB, Aragão FJ, Cooper LF. Micro- and nanoscale surface modifications of dental implants. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2008;90:1–14.
71. Kim YK, Kim SG, Byeon JH, et al. Autogenous tooth bone graft: biological properties. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010;68:996–1003.
72. Schwarz F, Golubovich V, Becker K, et al. Sinus augmentation with autogenous dentin grafts: outcomes. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2021;32:694–703.
73. Shan T, Taylor RH, Ghodsi M, et al. Artificial intelligence for dental implant planning. J Dent Res. 2022;101:1235–1244.
74. Block MS, Emery RW. Static vs dynamic navigation in implant dentistry. Periodontol 2000. 2022;88:102–118.
75. Pellegrino G, Taraschi V, Mangano C, Mangano F. Augmented reality in guided implant surgery. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2020;22:602–610.
2. Riben C, Thor A. The maxillary sinus membrane elevation procedure. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2012;14(Suppl 1):e128–e135.
3. Starch-Jensen T, Aludden H, Hallman M, Christensen AE, Mordenfeld A, Schou S. Maxillary sinus floor augmentation: A review of selected treatment modalities. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2017;32(2):283–306.
4. Samir M, Bissar MWB, Abuel-Ela H. Osseodensification versus piezoelectric internal sinus elevation (PISE) technique in delayed implant placement: A randomized controlled clinical trial. BMC Oral Health. 2024;24:1.
5. Decker AM, Avila-Ortiz G, Fischer DJ, et al. Clinical and radiographic changes following transcrestal sinus elevation using osseodensification burs: 12-month results from a randomized controlled trial. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2024.
6. Choi H, Kim Y, Lee J, et al. Retrospective study of maxillary sinus augmentation with block-type autogenous tooth bone graft material. Biomedicines. 2024;11(6):633.
7. Whyte A, Boeddinghaus R. The maxillary sinus: physiology, development and imaging anatomy. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2019;48(8):20190205.
8. Cavalcanti MC, Guirado TE, Sapata VM, Costa C, Pannuti CM, Jung RE, et al. Maxillary sinus floor pneumatization and alveolar ridge resorption after tooth loss: a cross-sectional study. Braz Oral Res. 2018;32:e64.
9. Kalyvas D, Kapsalas A, Paikou S, Tsiklakis K. Thickness of the Schneiderian membrane and its correlation with anatomical structures and demographic parameters using CBCT: a retrospective study. Int J Implant Dent. 2018;4:32.
10. Insua A, Monje A, Chan HL, Juan-Salgado G, Wang HL. Accuracy of Schneiderian membrane thickness: CBCT analysis with histological validation. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2017;28:654–664.
11. Kalyvas D, Kapsalas A, Paikou S, Tsiklakis K. Schneiderian membrane thickness correlation using CBCT: retrospective study. Int J Implant Dent. 2018;4:32.
12. Tehranchi M, Behnia P, Zandi S, Masoudi Rad H. Prevalence and location of the posterior superior alveolar artery: a CBCT study. Imaging Sci Dent. 2017;47:39–46.
13. Rosano G, Taschieri S, Gaudy JF, Del Fabbro M. Maxillary sinus vascularization: a cadaveric study. J Craniofac Surg. 2009;20:940–943.
14. Krennmair G, Ulm CW, Lugmayr H, Solar P. Incidence, location and height of maxillary sinus septa. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1999;57:667–671.
15. Lee WJ, Lee SJ, Kim HS. Analysis of prevalence and location of maxillary sinus septa. J Periodontal Implant Sci. 2010;40:56–60.
16. Maestre-Ferrín L, Galán-Gil S, Rubio-Serrano M, Peñarrocha-Diago M. Maxillary sinus septa: a systematic review. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2010;15:e383–e386.
17. Bornstein MM, Schmid B, Sendi P, Higginbottom F, Buser D. Assessment of maxillary sinus health before sinus augmentation. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2010;21:320–326.
18. Shahbazian M, Chan HL, Arnabat-Domínguez J, Rosella D, Wang HL. Prevalence of sinus pathology in CBCT for implant planning: review & meta-analysis. J Periodontol. 2016;87:493–501.
19. Schulze R, Heil U, Gross D, Nüssken S, Bruellmann DD, Dranischnikow E, et al. Radiation exposure during CBCT vs. 2D imaging. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2004;62:1–7.
20. Pjetursson BE, Tan WC, Zwahlen M, Lang NP. Sinus floor elevation using the lateral approach: systematic review. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2008;19(Suppl 3):216–240.
21. Del Fabbro M, Testori T, Francetti L, Weinstein R. Long-term outcomes of implants after sinus augmentation. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2008;19(Suppl 3):169–180.
22. Testori T, Wallace SS, Del Fabbro M, et al. Maxillary sinus augmentation with different graft materials: outcomes. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2012;27:e37–e45.
23. Steiner DR, Steiner DB. Minimally invasive lateral wall sinus elevation. Implant Dent. 2006;15:119–124.
24. Chen L, Cha J. Modified lateral window approach & anatomic considerations. J Periodontol. 2005;76:1317–1323.
25. Cortes AR, Pinheiro LR, Andrade MG, Kuga MC, Fischer RG, Nary H. Lateral window hinge techniques preserving vascularity. Clin Oral Investig. 2013;17:2007–2013.
26. Summers RB. Osteotome technique for maxillary implant surgery. Compendium. 1994;15:152–160.
27. Tatum OH. Maxillary and sinus implant reconstructions. Dent Clin North Am. 1986;30:207–229.
28. Fugazzotto PA. Immediate implant placement after osteotome sinus elevation. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2002;17:715–721.
29. Toffler M. Clinical considerations in osteotome sinus elevation. Implant Dent. 2004;13:318–323.
30. Chen L, Cha JY. Controlled membrane elevation: hydraulic & compaction dynamics. J Periodontol. 2005;76:355–363.
31. Emmerich D, Att W, Stappert C. Survival after osteotome-mediated sinus elevation. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2005;16:563–568.
32. Del Fabbro M, Wallace SS. Predictability of transcrestal sinus elevation. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2013;24:A109–A118.
33. Vercellotti T. Technological characteristics and clinical indications of piezoelectric bone surgery. Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 2010;27:507–515.
34. Rickert D, Slater JJRH, Meijer GJ, Vissink A, Raghoebar GM. Comparison of piezoelectric and conventional rotary instruments in sinus elevation. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2013;24:785–791.
35. Wallace SS, Mazor Z, Froum SJ, Cho SC, Tarnow DP. Perforation rates in lateral window sinus elevation with piezo vs rotary. J Periodontol. 2007;78:597–607.
36. Chen L, Cha JY. Balloon antral membrane elevation: technique and outcomes. J Periodontol. 2005;76:108–113.
37. Mardinger O, Nissan J, Peleg M, Chaushu G. Anatomical limitations of balloon sinus elevation. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2010;21:114–118.
38. Srouji S, Ben-David D, Lotan A, et al. MIAMBE: Multicenter clinical evaluation. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2012;14:62–70.
39. Soltan M, Smiler D. Inflatable balloon technique for sinus augmentation. Implant Dent. 2005;14:439–446.
40. Chen L, Qiao S, Wang X, Zhang Y. Hydraulic sinus condensation: 5-year outcomes. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2022;24:45–53.
41. Huwais S. Enhancing implant stability using osseodensification. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2013;34:e1–e4.
42. Huwais S, Meyer EG. Osseodensification: Biomechanical approach to site preparation. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2017;32:27–36.
43. Pommer B, Watzek G. Gel-pressure sinus lift technique. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2009;20:639–644.
44. Ahn SJ, Lee JH, Lee CH, et al. Reamer-mediated sinus floor elevation. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2018;76:1655–1664.
45. Dentium Co. DASK Manual. Seoul: Dentium; 2015.
46. Kher U, Mazor Z, Richardson J, et al. Transalveolar sinus augmentation using novabone putty. J Periodontol. 2014;85:e1–e8.
47. Mandelaris GA, Rosenfeld AL. Stereolithographic guides for sinus augmentation. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 2008;28:303–309.
48. Block MS, Emery RW, Lank K, Ryan J. Accuracy of implant placement using dynamic navigation. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2017;32:92–99.
49. Raghoebar GM, Schortinghuis J, Liem RS, Ruben JL, van der Wal JE, Vissink A. Graft resorption after sinus augmentation: a prospective study. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2001;12:536–541.
50. Jensen SS, Terheyden H. DBBM in ridge and sinus augmentation: clinical outcomes. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2009;24:218–230.
51. Urist MR. Bone formation by autoinduction. Science. 1965;150:893–899.
52. Boyne PJ, Lilly LC, Marx RE, et al. Rhbmp-2 in maxillary sinus augmentation. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2005;20:689–697.
53. Legeros RZ. Calcium phosphate biomaterials. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2008;19:147–157.
54. Capuccini C, Torricelli P, Sima F, et al. Strontium-enriched hydroxyapatite: biological response. Biomaterials. 2008;29:201–208.
55. Choukroun J, Ghanaati S. I-PRF & sticky bone in regenerative dentistry. J Oral Implantol. 2018;44:300–307.
56. Chen MH, Yang J, Wang HL. Graftless sinus augmentation: a systematic review. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2021;32:120–134.
57. Del Fabbro M, Wallace SS, Testori T. Long-term success of lateral window sinus augmentation. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2020;22:99–117.
58. Testori T, Weinstein T, Taschieri S, Wallace SS. Transcrestal sinus elevation: indications & outcomes. J Periodontol. 2012;83:1037–1045.
59. Fugazzotto PA. Modified trephine/osteotome sinus technique. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2003;18:15–22.
60. Zitzmann NU, Schärer P. Immediate vs delayed sinus elevation: a clinical study. Clin Oral Implants Res. 1998;9:15–22.
61. Pal US, Sharma NK, Singh RK, et al. Direct vs indirect sinus lift: comparative outcomes. Natl J Maxillofac Surg. 2012;3:31–37.
62. Balaji SM. Direct vs indirect sinus lift outcomes. Indian J Dent Res. 2013;24:287–290.
63. Khandelwal N, Oates TW, Vargas A, et al. Radiographic vertical bone gain after sinus lift. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2013;28:646–652.
64. Al-Dajani M. Lateral antrostomy outcomes in sinus augmentation. J Oral Implantol. 2016;42:15–23.
65. Rickert D, Slater JJ, Meijer GJ, Vissink A, Raghoebar GM. Piezo vs rotary sinus lift: A split-mouth randomized trial. J Clin Periodontol. 2013;40:306–314.
66. Li J, Wang HL, Chen ZB, et al. Piezoelectric–hydraulic sinus lift: clinical results. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2018;20:230–238.
67. Alajami A, Al-Oufi M, alsowygh Z. Osseodensification vs balloon sinus lift: A clinical comparison. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2020;35:120–128.
68. Jones JR. Bioactive glass: From concept to clinic. Acta Biomater. 2015;23:S53–S82.
69. Han P, Wu C, Xiao Y. Magnesium-based biomaterials for bone regeneration. J Mater Chem B. 2016;4:7708–7720.
70. Mendonça G, Mendonça DB, Aragão FJ, Cooper LF. Micro- and nanoscale surface modifications of dental implants. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2008;90:1–14.
71. Kim YK, Kim SG, Byeon JH, et al. Autogenous tooth bone graft: biological properties. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010;68:996–1003.
72. Schwarz F, Golubovich V, Becker K, et al. Sinus augmentation with autogenous dentin grafts: outcomes. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2021;32:694–703.
73. Shan T, Taylor RH, Ghodsi M, et al. Artificial intelligence for dental implant planning. J Dent Res. 2022;101:1235–1244.
74. Block MS, Emery RW. Static vs dynamic navigation in implant dentistry. Periodontol 2000. 2022;88:102–118.
75. Pellegrino G, Taraschi V, Mangano C, Mangano F. Augmented reality in guided implant surgery. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2020;22:602–610.
Published
2026-01-09
How to Cite
Menghani, N., Agarwal, M., Rajput, G., & Gupta, A. (2026). Maxillary Sinus Augmentation Techniques in Prosthodontics: A Narrative Review. UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF DENTAL SCIENCES, 11(4). https://doi.org/10.21276/ujds.2025.11.4.18
Section
Prosthodontics, Crown and Bridge
