Understanding Various Oral Complications or Manifestations of Diabetes Mellitus: A Narrative Review
Keywords:
Oral manifestation, Diabetes, Oral Health, Dental diseases
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is known as a chronic metabolic disease described by hyperglycemia because of a defect in the secretion of insulin. Patients having uncontrolled diabetes had increased chances of having oral and systemic complications. The present review scrutinize the existing documentation in the literature related to the oral manifestation or oral complication of diabetes mellitus. English language articles were searched in various databases such as Pubmed, Scopus, Science direct and Google scholar. The keyword used for searching are “oral manifestation of diabetes”, “oral complication of diabetes”, “diabetes and oral health”. The present review spotlights on understanding the various oral manifestations or oral diseases which are linked to diabetes mellitus.
References
1. Cicmil S, Mladenović I, Krunić J, Ivanović D, Stojanović N. Oral Alterations in Diabetes Mellitus. Balk J Dent Med 2018; 22: 7-14
2. Al-Maskari AY, Al-Maskari MY, Al-Sudairy S. Oral Manifestations and Complications of Diabetes Mellitus: A review. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 2011; 11: 179-86
3. Indurkar MS, Maurya AS, Indurkar S. Oral Manifestations of Diabetes. Clin Diabetes 2016; 34: 54-7
4. Cicmil A, Govedarica O, Lečić J, Mališ S, Cicmil S, Čakić S. Oral Symptoms and Mucosal Lesions in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Type 2. Balk J Dent Med 2017; 21: 50-4
5. Baldwin E. Oral health. Lancet 2009; 373:628–9.
6. Yuen HK, Wolf BJ, Bandyopadhyay D, Magruder KM, Salinas CF, London SD. Oral health knowledge and behavior among adults with diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2009; 86:239–46.
7. Teeuw WJ, Gerdes VEA, Loos BG. Effect of periodontal treatment on glycemic control of diabetic patients: A systemic review and metaanalysis. Diabetes Care 2008; 33:421–7.
8. Skamagas M, Breen TL, LeRoith D. Update on diabetes mellitus: Prevention, treatment, and association with oral diseases. Oral Dis 2008;14:105‑14
9. Mauri-Obradors E, Estrugo-Devesa A, Jané-Salas E, Viñas M, López-López J. Oral manifestations of Diabetes Mellitus. A systematic review. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2017;22(5):e586-94
10. Khan T. Oral manifestations and complications of diabetes mellitus: a review. Int J Health Res. 2018;4:50-2.
11. Arrieta-Blanco JJ, Bartolomé-Villar B, Jiménez- Martinez E, Saavedra-Vallejo P, Arrieta-Blanco FJ.Bucco-dental problems in patients with Diabetes Mellitus (I): index of plaque and dental caries. Med Oral. 2003;8(2):97-109
12. Kapourani A, Kontogiannopoulos KN, Manioudaki AE, Poulopoulos AK, Tsalikis L, Assimopoulou AN et al. A review on xerostomia and its various management strategies: the role of advanced polymeric materials in the treatment approaches. Polymers. 2022 ;14(5):850
13. Al-Maskari AY, Al-Maskari MY, Al-Sudairy S. Oral Manifestations and Complications of Diabetes Mellitus: a review. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J. 2011;11(2):179- 86.
14. Rodrigues CF, Rodrigues ME, Henriques M. Candida sp. Infections in patients with diabetes mellitus. J Clin Med. 2019;8(1):76
15. Rohani B. Oral manifestations in patients with diabetes mellitus. World J Diabetes. 2019;10(9):485-9
16. Mauri-Obradors E, Estrugo-Devesa A, Jané-Salas E, Viñas M, López-López J. Oral manifestations of Diabetes Mellitus. A systematic review. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2017;22(5):e586-94
17. Khan T. Oral manifestations and complications of diabetes mellitus: a review. Int J Health Res. 2018;4:50-2.
18. Indurkar MS, Maurya AS, Indurkar S. Oral manifestations of diabetes. Clin Diabetes.
2016;34(1):54-7.
19. Daniel R, Gokulanathan S, Shanmugasundaram N, Lakshmigandhan M, Kavin T. Diabetes and periodontal disease. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2012;4;Suppl 2:S280-2.
20. Leite RS, Marlow NM, Fernandes JK, Hermayer K. Oral Health and type 2 diabetes. Am J Med Sci. 2013;345(4):271-3.
21. Tsujimoto T, Imai K, Kanda S, Kakei M, Kajio H, Sugiyama T. Sweet taste disorder and vascular complications in patients with abnormal glucose tolerance. Int J Cardiol. 2016;221:637-41
22. Cicmil S, Mladenović I, Krunić J, Ivanović D, Stojanović N. Oral alterations in diabetes mellitus. Balkan J Dent Med. 2018;22(3):7-14
23. Cicmil A, Govedarica O, Lečić J, Mališ S, Cicmil S, Čakić S. Oral symptoms and mucosal lesions in patients with diabetes mellitus Type 2. Balkan J Dent Med. 2017;21(3):50-4.
24. Babu K, Adiga K, Dsouza L, Poonja P, Bhandarkar G, Rao PK et al. Oral manifestations in diabetes mellitus. Dent. 2019;1:28-30.
25. Soysa NS, Samaranayake LP, Ellepola AN. Diabetes mellitus as a contributory factor in oral candidosis. Diabet Med. 2006;23(5):455-9.
26. Al-Maskari AY, Al-Maskari MY, Al-Sudairy S. Oral Manifestations and Complications of Diabetes Mellitus: a review. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J. 2011;11(2):179-86.
27. Khan T. Oral manifestations and complications of diabetes mellitus: a review. Int J Health Res. 2018;4:50-2.
28. Abiko Y, Selimovic D. The mechanism of protracted wound healing on oral mucosa in diabetes. Review . Bosn J Basic Med Sci. 2010;10(3):186-91.
29. Al-Maskari AY, Al-Maskari MY, Al-Sudairy S. Oral Manifestations and Complications of Diabetes Mellitus:a review. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J. 2011;11(2):179-86.
30. Ship JA. Diabetes and oral health: an overview. J Am Dent Assoc. 2003;134;Spec No:4S-10S.
31. Khan T. Oral manifestations and complications of diabetes mellitus: a review. Int J Health Res. 2018;4:50-2.
32. Moore PA, Guggenheimer J, Etzel KR, Weyant RJ, Orchard T. Type 1 diabetes mellitus, xerostomia, and salivary flow rates. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2001; 92:281–91.
33. Lin CC, Sun SS, Kao A, Lee CC. Impaired salivary function in patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus with xerostomia. J Diabetes Complications 2002; 16:176–9.
34. Sandberg GE, Wikblad KF. Oral dryness and peripheral neuropathy in subjects with type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Complications 2003; 17:192–8
35. Chavez EM, Taylor GW, Borrell LN, Ship JA. Salivary function and glycemic control in older persons with diabetes. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod; 89:305–11
36. Khovidhunkit SO, Suwantuntula T, Thaweboon S, Mitrirattanakul S, Chomkhakhai U, Khovidhunkit W. Xerostomia, hyposalivation, and oral microbiota in type 2 diabetic patients: a preliminary study. J Med Assoc Thai 2009; 92:1220–8
37. Ship JA, Grushka M, Lipton J, Mott A, Sessle B, Dionne R. Burning mouth syndrome: an update. JADA 1995;126:842-53.
38. Grushka M, Epstein JB, Gorsky M. Burning mouth syndrome. Am Fam Physician 2002;65:615-20.
39. Kalina RE. Seeing into the future: vision and aging. West J Med 1997;167:253-7.
40. Almugeiren OM, Alghamdi RM, Bin Sebayel SH, Aljaruf HA, Alkhamis DA, Alsuwayyid LS. Anterior mandibular alveolar bone measurements between diabetic and non-diabetic individuals using cone-beam computed tomography. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences. 2022; 26: 5476-84.
41. Eskow CC, Oates TW. Dental implant survival and complication rate over 2 years for individuals with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2017; 19:423–31.
42. Al Mubarak S, Robert AA, Baskaradoss JK, Al‑Zoman K, Al Sohail A, Alsuwyed A, et al. The prevalence of oral Candida infections in periodontitis patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Infect Public Health 2013;6:296-301.
43. Buranasin P, Mizutani K, Iwasaki K, Pawaputanon Na Mahasarakham C, Kido D, Takeda K, et al. High glucose-induced oxidative stress impairs proliferation and migration of human gingival fibroblasts. PLoS One 2018;13:e0201855
44. Akhtar N, Saleem M, Mian FA, Shareef MJ, Hussain F. Head and neck infections; secondary to dental causes; diagnosis and treatment. Prof Med J 2015;22:787-92
45. Rao DD, Desai A, Kulkarni RD, Gopalkrishnan K, Rao CB. Comparison of maxillofacial space infection in diabetic and nondiabetic patients. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2010;110:e7-12.
46. Mohanty S, Mohanty N, Rath S. Analysis of oral health complications in diabetic patients – A diagnostic perspective. J Oral Res 2018;7:278-81
47. Mauri‑Obradors E, Estrugo-Devesa A, Jané-Salas E, Viñas M, López-López J. Oral manifestations of diabetes mellitus. A systematic review. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2017;22:e586-94
48. Indurkar MS, Maurya AS, Indurkar S. Oral manifestations of diabetes. Clin Diabetes 2016;34:54-7.
49. Ranjan R, Rajan S. Oral health manifestations in diabetic patients – A review. Int J Community Health Med Res 2016;2:58-62.
50. Gandara BK, Morton TH. Non-periodontal oral manifestations of diabetes: A framework for medical care providers. Diabetes Spectr 2011;24:199-205
51. Akinbami BO, Godspower T. Dry socket: Incidence, clinical features, and predisposing factors. Int J Dent 2014;2014:7961-02
2. Al-Maskari AY, Al-Maskari MY, Al-Sudairy S. Oral Manifestations and Complications of Diabetes Mellitus: A review. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 2011; 11: 179-86
3. Indurkar MS, Maurya AS, Indurkar S. Oral Manifestations of Diabetes. Clin Diabetes 2016; 34: 54-7
4. Cicmil A, Govedarica O, Lečić J, Mališ S, Cicmil S, Čakić S. Oral Symptoms and Mucosal Lesions in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Type 2. Balk J Dent Med 2017; 21: 50-4
5. Baldwin E. Oral health. Lancet 2009; 373:628–9.
6. Yuen HK, Wolf BJ, Bandyopadhyay D, Magruder KM, Salinas CF, London SD. Oral health knowledge and behavior among adults with diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2009; 86:239–46.
7. Teeuw WJ, Gerdes VEA, Loos BG. Effect of periodontal treatment on glycemic control of diabetic patients: A systemic review and metaanalysis. Diabetes Care 2008; 33:421–7.
8. Skamagas M, Breen TL, LeRoith D. Update on diabetes mellitus: Prevention, treatment, and association with oral diseases. Oral Dis 2008;14:105‑14
9. Mauri-Obradors E, Estrugo-Devesa A, Jané-Salas E, Viñas M, López-López J. Oral manifestations of Diabetes Mellitus. A systematic review. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2017;22(5):e586-94
10. Khan T. Oral manifestations and complications of diabetes mellitus: a review. Int J Health Res. 2018;4:50-2.
11. Arrieta-Blanco JJ, Bartolomé-Villar B, Jiménez- Martinez E, Saavedra-Vallejo P, Arrieta-Blanco FJ.Bucco-dental problems in patients with Diabetes Mellitus (I): index of plaque and dental caries. Med Oral. 2003;8(2):97-109
12. Kapourani A, Kontogiannopoulos KN, Manioudaki AE, Poulopoulos AK, Tsalikis L, Assimopoulou AN et al. A review on xerostomia and its various management strategies: the role of advanced polymeric materials in the treatment approaches. Polymers. 2022 ;14(5):850
13. Al-Maskari AY, Al-Maskari MY, Al-Sudairy S. Oral Manifestations and Complications of Diabetes Mellitus: a review. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J. 2011;11(2):179- 86.
14. Rodrigues CF, Rodrigues ME, Henriques M. Candida sp. Infections in patients with diabetes mellitus. J Clin Med. 2019;8(1):76
15. Rohani B. Oral manifestations in patients with diabetes mellitus. World J Diabetes. 2019;10(9):485-9
16. Mauri-Obradors E, Estrugo-Devesa A, Jané-Salas E, Viñas M, López-López J. Oral manifestations of Diabetes Mellitus. A systematic review. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2017;22(5):e586-94
17. Khan T. Oral manifestations and complications of diabetes mellitus: a review. Int J Health Res. 2018;4:50-2.
18. Indurkar MS, Maurya AS, Indurkar S. Oral manifestations of diabetes. Clin Diabetes.
2016;34(1):54-7.
19. Daniel R, Gokulanathan S, Shanmugasundaram N, Lakshmigandhan M, Kavin T. Diabetes and periodontal disease. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2012;4;Suppl 2:S280-2.
20. Leite RS, Marlow NM, Fernandes JK, Hermayer K. Oral Health and type 2 diabetes. Am J Med Sci. 2013;345(4):271-3.
21. Tsujimoto T, Imai K, Kanda S, Kakei M, Kajio H, Sugiyama T. Sweet taste disorder and vascular complications in patients with abnormal glucose tolerance. Int J Cardiol. 2016;221:637-41
22. Cicmil S, Mladenović I, Krunić J, Ivanović D, Stojanović N. Oral alterations in diabetes mellitus. Balkan J Dent Med. 2018;22(3):7-14
23. Cicmil A, Govedarica O, Lečić J, Mališ S, Cicmil S, Čakić S. Oral symptoms and mucosal lesions in patients with diabetes mellitus Type 2. Balkan J Dent Med. 2017;21(3):50-4.
24. Babu K, Adiga K, Dsouza L, Poonja P, Bhandarkar G, Rao PK et al. Oral manifestations in diabetes mellitus. Dent. 2019;1:28-30.
25. Soysa NS, Samaranayake LP, Ellepola AN. Diabetes mellitus as a contributory factor in oral candidosis. Diabet Med. 2006;23(5):455-9.
26. Al-Maskari AY, Al-Maskari MY, Al-Sudairy S. Oral Manifestations and Complications of Diabetes Mellitus: a review. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J. 2011;11(2):179-86.
27. Khan T. Oral manifestations and complications of diabetes mellitus: a review. Int J Health Res. 2018;4:50-2.
28. Abiko Y, Selimovic D. The mechanism of protracted wound healing on oral mucosa in diabetes. Review . Bosn J Basic Med Sci. 2010;10(3):186-91.
29. Al-Maskari AY, Al-Maskari MY, Al-Sudairy S. Oral Manifestations and Complications of Diabetes Mellitus:a review. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J. 2011;11(2):179-86.
30. Ship JA. Diabetes and oral health: an overview. J Am Dent Assoc. 2003;134;Spec No:4S-10S.
31. Khan T. Oral manifestations and complications of diabetes mellitus: a review. Int J Health Res. 2018;4:50-2.
32. Moore PA, Guggenheimer J, Etzel KR, Weyant RJ, Orchard T. Type 1 diabetes mellitus, xerostomia, and salivary flow rates. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2001; 92:281–91.
33. Lin CC, Sun SS, Kao A, Lee CC. Impaired salivary function in patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus with xerostomia. J Diabetes Complications 2002; 16:176–9.
34. Sandberg GE, Wikblad KF. Oral dryness and peripheral neuropathy in subjects with type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Complications 2003; 17:192–8
35. Chavez EM, Taylor GW, Borrell LN, Ship JA. Salivary function and glycemic control in older persons with diabetes. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod; 89:305–11
36. Khovidhunkit SO, Suwantuntula T, Thaweboon S, Mitrirattanakul S, Chomkhakhai U, Khovidhunkit W. Xerostomia, hyposalivation, and oral microbiota in type 2 diabetic patients: a preliminary study. J Med Assoc Thai 2009; 92:1220–8
37. Ship JA, Grushka M, Lipton J, Mott A, Sessle B, Dionne R. Burning mouth syndrome: an update. JADA 1995;126:842-53.
38. Grushka M, Epstein JB, Gorsky M. Burning mouth syndrome. Am Fam Physician 2002;65:615-20.
39. Kalina RE. Seeing into the future: vision and aging. West J Med 1997;167:253-7.
40. Almugeiren OM, Alghamdi RM, Bin Sebayel SH, Aljaruf HA, Alkhamis DA, Alsuwayyid LS. Anterior mandibular alveolar bone measurements between diabetic and non-diabetic individuals using cone-beam computed tomography. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences. 2022; 26: 5476-84.
41. Eskow CC, Oates TW. Dental implant survival and complication rate over 2 years for individuals with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2017; 19:423–31.
42. Al Mubarak S, Robert AA, Baskaradoss JK, Al‑Zoman K, Al Sohail A, Alsuwyed A, et al. The prevalence of oral Candida infections in periodontitis patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Infect Public Health 2013;6:296-301.
43. Buranasin P, Mizutani K, Iwasaki K, Pawaputanon Na Mahasarakham C, Kido D, Takeda K, et al. High glucose-induced oxidative stress impairs proliferation and migration of human gingival fibroblasts. PLoS One 2018;13:e0201855
44. Akhtar N, Saleem M, Mian FA, Shareef MJ, Hussain F. Head and neck infections; secondary to dental causes; diagnosis and treatment. Prof Med J 2015;22:787-92
45. Rao DD, Desai A, Kulkarni RD, Gopalkrishnan K, Rao CB. Comparison of maxillofacial space infection in diabetic and nondiabetic patients. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2010;110:e7-12.
46. Mohanty S, Mohanty N, Rath S. Analysis of oral health complications in diabetic patients – A diagnostic perspective. J Oral Res 2018;7:278-81
47. Mauri‑Obradors E, Estrugo-Devesa A, Jané-Salas E, Viñas M, López-López J. Oral manifestations of diabetes mellitus. A systematic review. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2017;22:e586-94
48. Indurkar MS, Maurya AS, Indurkar S. Oral manifestations of diabetes. Clin Diabetes 2016;34:54-7.
49. Ranjan R, Rajan S. Oral health manifestations in diabetic patients – A review. Int J Community Health Med Res 2016;2:58-62.
50. Gandara BK, Morton TH. Non-periodontal oral manifestations of diabetes: A framework for medical care providers. Diabetes Spectr 2011;24:199-205
51. Akinbami BO, Godspower T. Dry socket: Incidence, clinical features, and predisposing factors. Int J Dent 2014;2014:7961-02
Published
2026-01-06
How to Cite
DR. HIMANSHU SINGH, DR. ANUJ GARG, DR. PANKAJ SINGH, Dr. BHUPESH BHAYYAJI BAGULKAR, DR. ATUL BHAT, & DR. YOGITA JAIN. (2026). Understanding Various Oral Complications or Manifestations of Diabetes Mellitus: A Narrative Review. UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF DENTAL SCIENCES, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.21276/ujds.2026.12.1.22
Section
Review Article
